Wednesday, December 26, 2018

Arrival of the Black Ships: A turning point that saw Japan emerge from centuries of self-isolation

History revisited

The existential threat posed by the American warships in 1853 led to deep divisions with the ruling elite and the population.

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A Japanese print showing three men, believed to be Commander Anan, age 54; Perry, age 49; and Captain Henry Adams, age 59, who opened up Japan to the west | Library of Congress/Wikimedia Commons [Licnesed under CC BY Public Domain Mark 1.0]

Hamish Todd

December 26th 2018

"During the Meiji Period (1868-1912), Japan was transformed from a feudal society where power lay in the hands of the Tokugawa Shoguns and hundreds of local lords or Daimyo controlling a patchwork of fiefdoms, to a centralised, constitutional state under the nominal leadership of Emperor Mutsuhito (1852-1912). This transition was marked by the inauguration of the new reign name of Meiji or “Enlightened Rule” on October 23, 1868.

To commemorate this major anniversary, the British Library has digitised a manuscript handscroll Or.16453 depicting the arrival in Japanese waters in July 1853 of the American Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry (1794-1858) and his squadron of four warships. Perry’s arrival triggered a long chain of events that led ultimately to the revolution of 1868."

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Old manuscripts, letters show how Christian influences were depicted in Mughal art and life

Celebrating Christmas

A document talks about Christmas celebrations in Lahore in 1597.

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British Library

Ursula Sims-Williams  &  Malini Roy

December 25th 2018

"The agenda of the three missions was to indoctrinate the Mughals to Christianity. During the third mission to the court at Lahore, Father Jerome Xavier (1549–1617) collaborated with the Mughal court writer Abd al- Sattar ibn Qasim Lahori (fl. 1590–1615) to prepare a Persian text based on the Old and New Testaments known as the Mirʼāt al-Quds (Mirror of Holiness).

This text was made at the request of the Emperor Akbar and was completed at Agra in 1602. Father Xavier presented a copy of the text to both Emperor Akbar and his son Prince Salim (the future Emperor Jahangir). Although the proselytisation was not very successful, there was a clear impact on local artists. With both Akbar and Salim establishing rivaling artistic studios at Agra and Allahabad respectively, they would commission their artists to produce illustrations to accompany their individual copies of the Mirʼāt al-Quds."

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Can the arrival of the Aryans in India explain the disconnect between Harappan and Vedic culture?

BOOK EXCERPT

There is a fundamental discontinuity between the two cultures, writes Tony Joseph in his book ‘Early Indians’.

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A seal depicting a unicorn at the Indian Museum, Kolkata | Wikimedia Commons (CC by SA 4.0)

Tony Joseph


Wednesday, December 25th 2018

"In the south, the migrating Harappans would have found a more congenial atmosphere for their language and culture, partly because the “Aryans” had not yet reached peninsular India and, perhaps, partly because of the presence of earlier migrants who may have spread Dravidian languages.

In the language of genetics, the Harappans contributed to the formation of the Ancestral South Indians by moving south and mixing with the First Indians of peninsular India and also to the formation of the Ancestral North Indians by mixing with the incoming “Aryans”. Therefore, in many ways, they are the cultural glue that keeps India together – or the sauce on the pizza, to build on a metaphor that we used earlier."

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India’s attorney general is wrong. Constitutional morality is not a ‘dangerous weapon’

Opinion

KK Venugopal is right that this concept is open to varied interpretation. But isn’t that also true of ideas like liberty, equality, discrimination, dignity?

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Attorney General of India KK Venugopal | Wikimedia commons

Gautam Bhatia

Dec 20, 2018

"The attorney general is right that the concept of constitutional morality is open to interpretation and different judges might understand it differently. However, the same could be said about many words and phrases familiar to us. Liberty, for example. Equality. Discrimination. Dignity. It is, therefore, a non-sequitur to argue, as the attorney general did, that because constitutional morality is open to interpretation, it is a dangerous weapon that should be discarded. The question rather is how we should understand – and defend – the meaning of this phrase."

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