The Birth and Partition of a Nation: India's Independence Told in Photos
Aug 15 2012, 3:05 PM ET
August 15th, 1947, inaugurated one of the cruelest
and most enduring ironies of decolonization. India, a British property with over 4,500
years of civilization and a population of 415 million, finally achieved independence.
But it was a triumph that opened a social, historical and geographic wound
that has yet to fully heal: the new Indian state was partitioned into two.
Violent divisions between the subcontinent's Hindu and
Muslim communities, and Muslim League leader Mohammed Ali Jinnah's
longstanding campaign
for an Indian-Muslim political entity in the event of a British
withdrawal, made
partition the expedient choice for a weary and overextended post-war
British government.
On June 3rd, 1947, British Viceroy Lord Louis Mountbatten announced
that, as of August 15, India would be split between separate
majority-Hindu and majority-Muslim
countries.
The border between the future modern states of India and Pakistan was created under the supervision of Sir Cyril Radcliffe, a London barrister who was given only five weeks to draw the new borders. The resulting armed conflict persists today, from Hindu-ruled yet majority-Muslim Kashmir, to the bifurcation of Pakistan into remote eastern and western haves that later waged war. Millions of Pakistani Bengalis lost access to Kolkata, a regional metropolis that now sits on the Indian side of the border. As political scientist Lucy Chester recounts, the Radcilffe Line was "a failure in terms of boundary-making, but a striking success in terms of providing political cover to all sides."
India was independent, India's Muslim minority had its own independent state, and the British were in a position to leave their troublesome colonies behind. They were incomplete victories: up to 17 million people were eventually displaced, and 1 million killed, in the sectarian violence that followed partition. Mohandas Gandhi, the leader of India's independence movement, was assassinated by a Hindu nationalist in January 1948 over his perceived sympathies toward India's Muslims. A devastating civil war in East Pakistan resulted in the creation of Bangladesh in 1972. India and Pakistan fought wars over Kashmir in 1947, 1965, and 1999. The Kashmir conflict still serves as an ostensible justification for Pakistan's support of anti-Indian terrorist groups -- as well as for both countries' development of nuclear weapons.
Today, democratic India is a regional power, and Bangladesh is an emerging democracy -- even troubled Pakistan boasts one of the world's top 30 economies. Still, even 65 years later, the full cost of partition has yet to be fully paid. Here is the story of that fateful day, and the days immediately before and after, told in photos.
Mohammad
Ali Jinnah and Mohandas Gandhi in 1944. Gandhi opposed partition, while
Jinnah's Muslim League lobbied for some kind of autonomous Muslim
political entity in the event of a British withdrawal. He was briefly
speaker of Pakistan's National Assembly before his death in 1948.
(Wikimedia)
The border between the future modern states of India and Pakistan was created under the supervision of Sir Cyril Radcliffe, a London barrister who was given only five weeks to draw the new borders. The resulting armed conflict persists today, from Hindu-ruled yet majority-Muslim Kashmir, to the bifurcation of Pakistan into remote eastern and western haves that later waged war. Millions of Pakistani Bengalis lost access to Kolkata, a regional metropolis that now sits on the Indian side of the border. As political scientist Lucy Chester recounts, the Radcilffe Line was "a failure in terms of boundary-making, but a striking success in terms of providing political cover to all sides."
India was independent, India's Muslim minority had its own independent state, and the British were in a position to leave their troublesome colonies behind. They were incomplete victories: up to 17 million people were eventually displaced, and 1 million killed, in the sectarian violence that followed partition. Mohandas Gandhi, the leader of India's independence movement, was assassinated by a Hindu nationalist in January 1948 over his perceived sympathies toward India's Muslims. A devastating civil war in East Pakistan resulted in the creation of Bangladesh in 1972. India and Pakistan fought wars over Kashmir in 1947, 1965, and 1999. The Kashmir conflict still serves as an ostensible justification for Pakistan's support of anti-Indian terrorist groups -- as well as for both countries' development of nuclear weapons.
Today, democratic India is a regional power, and Bangladesh is an emerging democracy -- even troubled Pakistan boasts one of the world's top 30 economies. Still, even 65 years later, the full cost of partition has yet to be fully paid. Here is the story of that fateful day, and the days immediately before and after, told in photos.
Mohammad
Ali Jinnah and Mohandas Gandhi in 1944. Gandhi opposed partition, while
Jinnah's Muslim League lobbied for some kind of autonomous Muslim
political entity in the event of a British withdrawal. He was briefly
speaker of Pakistan's National Assembly before his death in 1948.
(Wikimedia)
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