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Source: thewire
A new UN study also notes that the intersection of
gender with other forms of discrimination – caste, race/ethnicity, religion etc
– is what further marginalises women and girls from poor and deprived sections
of the society.
Representative image. Credit: Thessaly La Force/Flickr
(CC BY-SA 2.0)
New Delhi: Not
only are women poorer, more hungry and more discriminated against than men in
India, but the average Dalit woman in the country also dies 14.6 years younger
than those from higher castes, a new report released by the UN on
Wednesday night underlined.
Titled ‘Turning promises into
action: gender equality in the 2030 Agenda,’ the study by UN Women notes that
the increase in exposure to mortality of lower-caste women stems
from poor sanitation as well as an inadequate supply of water and
healthcare.
“Those left furthest behind in
society are often women and girls who experience multiple forms of disadvantage
based on gender and other inequalities,” the report states. This, according to
the study, can result in “clustered deprivations where women and girls may be
simultaneously disadvantaged in their access to quality education, decent work,
health and well-being”.
At the heart of the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development – adopted two years ago – is a
commitment to “leave no one behind,” to prioritise addressing the needs of the
most disadvantaged sections of people. The agenda lays out a number of global
benchmarks, including eliminating extreme poverty and hunger and getting all
children into school. The new report highlights how women are affected by
each of them and examines what policies are needed to achieve the stated goals.
When viewed through a gender lens,
the goal is to ensure that all women and girls, irrespective of their
location, age, class, race, ethnicity etc, enjoy equal rights and
opportunities. This, however, is not the case and more often than not these disadvantages
are visible in official statistics.
According to the report, the
intersection of gender with other forms of discrimination – caste,
race/ethnicity, religion etc – is what further marginalises women and girls
from poor and deprived sections of the society, and shows how progress for
women is a pre-requisite if progress for all is to be achieved.
In Karnatka’s Koppal district,
for example, a study has found that while poor women are the most deprived of
all in accessing health services, the situation of non-poor women too was
similar to that of poor men. But the latter even while facing economic
discrimination were not bearing the brunt of gender deprivation.
Wealth and location are also
factors that produce a compounding effect, leading to large inequalities.
Poverty often leads to poor education, which further drives child marriage.
Deprivations in one area are thus
associated with deprivations in others.
According to the report, In
India, a woman aged 20-24 from a poor, rural household is over five times as likely
as one from a rich urban household to marry before the age of 18. There is also
an over 20 times likelihood of the former as compared to the latter to have
never attended school, 1.3 times not having access to money of her own and
2.3 times not having a say in spending.
In a situation where she
is landless and belongs to scheduled caste, the likelihood of poverty
increases, and if she chooses to work, her lack of education and low status in
the social hierarchy is likely to result in exploitative working
conditions.
When it comes to unpaid care and
domestic work – regardless of region, income level or cultural characteristics
– the ratio of women to men is ten times in India.
According to Livemint,
the report also shows how women who live in poor households spend as much as
24% of their work time collecting firewood and water, and foraging for edible
and non-edible items to be used as food and housing materials, while women in
non-poor households allocate about half that time to such tasks.
The report adds that the strategies
to achieve the goal of ‘leave no one behind’ – including those related to
measurement – must be devised in ways that do not aggravate further
social fragmentation, stigmatisation and/or other forms of harm or abuse of
vulnerable groups.
Leaving no one behind, according to
the UN Women, means “addressing the needs of the most marginalized: those who
are disadvantaged socially, politically, environmentally and/ or economically.”
